Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Budgets

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Statuses and roles correspond (Sociology) Research Paper

Statuses and jobs compare (Sociology) - Research Paper Example Status is significant since alongside it are the distinctive arrangement of rights, commitments and jobs of an individual is characterized. While attributed status is a greater amount of a relationship with your family and your gathering, race or financial standing, accomplished status is a greater amount of an exertion of the individual and is increasingly liquid and changes after some time. My own status as a white collar class individual or some portion of the average folks is related with my money related remaining in the general public. Living in an outside land, my status as an outsider gives me a notoriety that I am not one of the individuals in this land and that I may appear to be changed. In spite of the fact that through time, I have picked up the status as an understudy and a manicurist, the jobs and duties allocated to be are constrained by my attributed status. Being an understudy additionally restricts my jobs, obligations and openings since I presently can't seem to go up the status stepping stool. I accept that my lord status right currently is being an outsider in this land, being an alternate nationality and being an utilized understudy. The attributed and accomplished status that I have been doled out to is the manner by which the general public sees me and thusly, the status I am in is the means by which the general public anticipates that me should act and work with the progression of the

College Admissions Essay Samples - How to Create the Best Essay

College Admissions Essay Samples - How to Create the Best EssayAdmission essays are a sort of necessity in many schools. Most times, students will find it difficult to come up with the right admissions essay samples for college. In this article, you will find out how to create the best essay that can be used by the students.There are a number of different types of essays. Essays are required by most schools so that they can evaluate the applicants' attributes. Though some students find it hard to write their essay because of the format; it does not mean that you have to write something that is boring.In fact, this is one of the easiest ways for students to write their student's essay. You just have to focus on the content of the essay and make sure that you are not making it too long.College admissions essays have different elements that they need to consider when drafting them. These include what kind of job an applicant has and his academic background. You should also look into the gender, race, religion, and class of the applicant.If you want to create a very good college admissions essay, you have to keep in mind the other parts of the essay. You have to make sure that you write about the applicant's personal traits like what he likes to do, where he lives, and other information. Once you write about these, the other parts of the essay will follow naturally.It is important that you go online and browse through various colleges that you have chosen. When you do this, you will find out about the schools that have good admissions essay samples. Also, it is important that you have to choose the essay that best suits the school.These essay samples can help you a lot in creating a really good essay. Moreover, you can also upload the college admissions essay samples you have created online. You can give them to your favorite college or recommend them to people who may be interested in applying to a particular college.

Aboriginal Political Movement in Australia - 2511 Words

Question: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island peoples have since colonization been politically active. Discuss drawing from readings and research about various forms of political engagement. Since the beginning of European colonization in 1788, Aboriginal people have experienced displacement, have been the targets of genocidal policies and practices, and have had families destroyed through the forcible removal of children. Decades of colonial exploitation and a prolonged systematic attempt to destroy Aboriginal people and culture have led to legislations and policies that are punitive and restrictive towards Aboriginal people. Such legislation reflects the dominant society’s perceptions of Aboriginal people and how they ought to be†¦show more content†¦Aboriginal people did not have access to amenities, such as cinemas, hotels, cafà ©s and swimming pools, and suffered prejudice and suspicion as well as verbal and sometimes physical abuse (**). In the town of Walgett they decided to picket the Walgett Returned Service League Club (RSL) as a protest against the treatment of Aboriginal people. The media covered the Walgett RSL protest. The central role of the film camera in this campaign demonstrated the growing sophistication of activists who recognized the need to show city dwellers what was happening in country towns. Also captured on tape was the vice-president of the RSL who said he would never allow an Aboriginal to become a member (Curthoys, 2011, 12). Such evidence was beamed into the living rooms of Australians with the evening news and exposed an endemic racism. This film footage shocked city viewers and added to the mounting pressure on the government. The legacy of the Freedom Ride political action was a greater awareness of Aboriginal issues in a rural context. Perkins and his fellow students had successfully stirred up debate and sparked discussion around Australia on the state of Aboriginal affairs. Awakening media interest in Aboriginal affairs was positioned in favor of the Black Australian cause, to the severe embarrassment of many white townspeople in rural New South Wales. In the ensuing public debate, urban public knowledge of racial discrimination grew, someShow MoreRelatedAboriginal Political Movement in Australia2518 Words   |  11 PagesQuestion: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island peoples have since colonization been politically active. Discuss drawing from readings and research about various forms of political engagement. Since the beginning of European colonization in 1788, Aboriginal people have experienced displacement, have been the targets of genocidal policies and practices, and have had families destroyed through the forcible removal of children. Decades of colonial exploitation and a prolonged systematic attempt to destroyRead MoreThe Australian Aboriginal Rights Movement1201 Words   |  5 Pagesto protest for their rights. For example, civil rights movements were essential in supporting the Aboriginal People. The Australian Aboriginal Rights Movement aimed to gain full citizenship for Aboriginal peoples. This effort in Australia was one of the largest civil rights movements in the last one hundred years across the globe. These Australian Aborigines suffered from significant racial oppression and dispossession. The Aboriginal Movement was defined by student protestors such as Charles PerkinsRead More1967 referendum1035 Words   |  5 Pagesfinally addressing discrimination towards the Indigenous people and taking responsibility for Aboriginal affairs. However, some do not have the same representation of the results of the 1967 referendum because of the little improvement it has done for the Indigenous people. People have a negative representation of the 1967 referendum because there is still inequality between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals. Henry Reynolds argues the significance due to the fact that, â€Å"It was highly significantRead MoreTraditional Aboriginal Art As A Communication Tool Throughout Australian Aboriginal History993 Words   |  4 PagesTraditional Aboriginal Art Art has been used as a communication tool throughout Australian aboriginal history. They were utilized to convey knowledge of ancestral pasts and tapping into the spiritual power of their beliefs. In a traditionally oriented Aboriginal society, art was also very valuable. It was placed under such high regards that producing them are being controlled and access to them are restricted to only people of certain status . The body of the artwork are also predetermined. ThusRead MoreNative Imperialism And Its Implications On Aboriginal Identity895 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first European settlers, Australia was once believed to be a terra nullius, an uninhabited â€Å"nothing land.† The European colonizers of Australia sought to make something of this land they believed they had discovered. Operating under this false notion, colonizers systematically invaded and conquered Australia, imposing their own ways onto the land and its original custodians, the Aboriginal people. The introdu ction of western settlements disrupted much of Aboriginal life. In a publication titledRead MoreThe Core Of Future Actions Toward Social Change1730 Words   |  7 Pagesthe core of future actions toward social change. The best strategies to achieve change are found by looking at key moments of change in the past and using them to guide exploration in a current context. This essay aims to explore movements for growing awareness of Aboriginal history, solidarity and depth of scholarship in the past to then answer the questions of what are the key areas for change today. By taking a critical look at history, I am to discuss the potential for change today, centered aroundRead MoreReligion Belief Systems in Australia Post 19451239 Words   |  5 PagesSystems in Australia post 1945 Question 1: Aboriginal religion is based on land. Land is the heart of Aboriginal Dreaming and provides the assurance needed for the continuation of rituals and ceremonies (king, 2010, p.213). The effect of Dispossession on Aboriginal spiritualities related to the separation from their land was enormous and overwhelmingly detrimental. The impact of British colonisation resulted in Australia being declared terra-nullius land belonging to no-one and Aboriginal peoplesRead MoreHistory Course Outline787 Words   |  4 PagesOutline There are four topics; * Australia in the Vietnam War Era * Changing Rights and Freedoms * People Power and Politics in the Post-war Period * Australia’s Social and Cultural History in the Post-War Period Australia in the Vietnam War Inquiry questions †¢ How did the Australian government respond to the threat of communism after WWII? †¢ Why did Australia become involved in the Vietnam War? †¢ How did various groups respond to AustraliaÂ’s involvement in the Vietnam War? Read MoreSamuel Wagan Watson Night Racing Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesWatson, a self-identified aboriginal man of German and Irish descent. The narrators of the poems are frequently on or beside the road, and the bitumen itself becomes a metaphor for everything from addiction and memory to the search for love. The poem Night Racing is present in the second half of the anthology, in a section that deals primarily with race and issues surrounding racial tension. The car in which the narrator rides facilitates an attack on the colonisation of Australia by the â€Å"white man† inRead MoreIndigenous And Non Indigenous People1332 Words   |  6 PagesAs I was not born or raised in Australia, I had no idea about Indigenous Australian history before I came across this unit. The only idea I had is that Indigenous Australians receive ‘special treatment’ such as more welfare and ha ndouts from the government. Before I started this unit, I was expecting to learn Indigenous culture and traditions as I have been taught in my diploma unit before. However, in the very first lecture, Corrinne surprised me by being a white Indigenous people and the way she

Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation. Answer: Introduction: Recycling wastewater means that it is the same water that is used hence water from other areas is not utilized. In places where there is plenty of fresh water normally suffer when their water is taken hence recycling water will it only ensure that their water is maintained but also environmental sustainability is promoted(Bonomo, 2011, p. 535). In most cases, the process of recycling water inhibits its removal from delicate ecosystems and also prevents the wastewater from polluting other water bodies such as seas or oceans. This process ensures that the waste water such as sewage is treated and reutilized thereby the saving the aquatic life from pollution(Partners, 2012, p. 430). Increases Irrigation Benefits According to EPA recycled water contains best properties such as high levels of nitrogen which are of high benefit to irrigation systems(Hamidi Abdul Aziz, 2014, p. 332). Improved Wetlands There a lot of being benefits derived from the wetlands including accommodating wildlife, sustaining the aquatic life, improving water quality and lessening of floods, according to the EPA. The addition of recycled water to dried wetlands helps in sustaining their survival. Provides Future Water Supply Recycling wastewater ensures that there is absolutely hope of water by the future generation. Reduced transportation costs Industries that produce a high volume of wastewater find it difficult in transporting it hence recycling the wastewater will greatly eliminate the costs incurred when transporting the wastewater. Additionally, there will also be a reduction in demand for new water sources since there will be plenty of readily available treated wastewater(Kurbiel, 2009, p. 978). Lower Operation Costs Besides, the repeated use of recycled wastewater is comparatively cheaper as compared to the use fresh water. Else, using fresh water also slowly eliminates the freshwater bodies rendering them obsolete and polluted. Treatment Process This system will function based on the physical principles, chemical and biological principles to eliminate the pollutants from the water. Hence it will entail three stages namely; primary treatment, secondary treatment and finally the tertiary treatment process or the advanced treatment(Kurbiel, 2009, p. 432). There are various strategies which have been put into place at each and every stage to ensure that the water is of high quality as described below. Primary Treatment This stage utilizes simple and sustainable mechanical and biological processes to eliminate the first half of the pollutants present in the wastewater. It comprises of bar screens, grit chamber and the primary clarification. Bar screens These are screens which are mechanical in nature and they are responsible for eliminating larger particles or instance plastic rags, rocks etc. There is the presence of a rake placed horizontally on a ragged gear drive which takes the captured wastes to a conveyor which in turn places the wastes into a dumpster for exclusion(Partners, 2012, p. 909). Grit chamber In this section, the flowing wastewater enters this chamber which is aerated to allow fine grit particles to settle. Primary clarification After the water passes through the grit chamber, it is allowed into the primary clarifies which regulates the speed of the water flow to allow bigger particles to settle. These particles then are digested and dried for useful purposes such as composting(Partners, 2012, p. 434). At the end of the primary treatment, the quality of water is a bit increased and can be quantifiable be graded at 20%. Secondary treatment This stage uses biological means of eliminating the remaining pollutants. It has the following sections; aeration basins and the final clarifiers Aeration basins The wastewater is allowed to the aeration basins which helps in mixing the water with oxygen. The bacterial microorganisms present then take in the organic material. The microorganisms convert solids that have not settled to a form that they easily settle and thereafter they get absorbed in the final clarifiers as bio solids(Russell L. Culp, 2011, p. 754). Final Clarifiers At this stage, the solids which are still remaining settle here and get digested, however, some are taken back to the aeration chamber to be released into the incoming wastewater. At the end of the primary treatment, the quality of water is a bit increased and can be quantifiable be graded at 71%(Kurbiel, 2009, p. 843). After the primary and the secondary processes of water treatment, the water finally undergoes chemical treatment. This stage comprises of sand filters, disinfectants and DE chlorinators. Sand filters Upon leaving the secondary treatment stage, the water goes into sand filters which primarily eliminates any solids that have been left out. The advantage with this filtering system is that it can be easily observed when it is under operation. These filters are located between the disinfection chamber and the final clarifiers(Russell L. Culp, 2007, p. 444). Disinfection and DE chlorination Water from the sand filters is passed through the chlorine chambers for disinfection whereby the remaining microorganism are done away with. Thereafter, the chlorine is eliminated by the aid of sulphur dioxide since sulphur is not desirable to be present in the water bodies. At the end of the advanced treatment, the quality of water is a bit increased and can be quantifiable be graded at 93%(Skarheim, 2008, p. 783). Outfall After the whole water treatment process, the water is now clean and ready to be released into the environment. At the point where water is released into the environment is called the outfall. Solid waste processing During the treatment processes, bio solids are generated from each stage. These bio solids are very beneficial to the environment and should be decomposed. They act as natural organic fertilizer and also as soil conditioners. Besides, these bio solids can be utilized agriculturally by providing the full micronutrients and essential nutrients required by a healthy plant growth. Thus, they can be applied directly to the Land or applied in gardens and lawns as compost manure. Below are ways of processing bio solids(Skarheim, 2008, p. 498). Thickening In this chamber, air under high pressure is forced into the liquid where it gets dissolved and then it is allowed into the sludge. At the sludge, tiny air bubbles rise carrying the solids into the surface(Russell L. Culp, 2007, p. 523). Anaerobic digester Here, the sludge which has settled into the primary clarifiers is pumped in for stabilization. The air inside the tank is restricted and cannot escape at any point thereby encouraging anaerobic respiration(Skarheim, 2008, p. 436). De watering This process is meant to remove water from the digested solids. It is mechanically done using belt filter press or through squeezing. Below is the flow chart diagram Technically, Wastewater refers to the water which is combined with water materials and then released to the environment. The sources of the waste materials range widely from residential to industrial, institution and also to commercial. These wastes are harmful to the environment and also to human thus a more friendly and sustainable way should be put into place to ensure they are done away with(Kurbiel, 2009, p. 977). The whole process of wastewater treatment process involves biological, mechanical and sludge treatment process and it is done in structures called wastewater treatment plants. Assuming that the following information is provided to be used in the design of a wastewater plant; -M is the last two digits of group members when averaged and other values have been assumed as per the references and citations, the wastewater CONTAINS impurities that are big sized i.e. Bottles and hair(Steven E. Esmond, 2009, p. 852). Designing, Silt particles having a diameter and density of 0.017*(1+M*0.1) cm and 3*(1-M*0.1) g/cm3 respectively. Design a grit chamber and write down the merits of an aerated grit chamber? Solution Grit chamber: M = 5 O the particles = 0.017*(1+ M*0.1)/100 = 0.000255 m Density = 3*(1-M*0.1) = 1500 kg/m3 From introduction to environmental engineering book, the temperature of wastewater 22 degrees Celsius, while the density of density is approximately 1000 kg/m3 .besides, the viscosity is 0.995 mPa. Silt particles diameter is 0.000255 m., length of the grit chamber = 13.5m Vs. =g* {(s )*d}/18 but g =9.8, s=1500, =1000, d=0.000255m, =0.995 Hence replacing; Vs. = 9.8 (15001000)0.000255/18(0.995) = 0.0177 m/s settling velocity Reynolds number is thus calculated as shown; Re =settling velocity * silt diameter / viscosity = (0.0177)*(0.000255)/ (0.000995/1000) = 4.54 Assuming that horizontal velocity =0.25m/original velocity is Vo = 0.028 m/s, rate of flow = 0.15 m3/s, channel width= 0.56m The cross sectional area is calculated by dividing the flow rate by horizontal velocity. A = (0.15 m3/s)/ (0.25m/s) = 0.60 m2 Height of the flow is obtained by; area/channel width = 0.60/0.56 h =1.07m The time taken by the particle to reach the bottom of the chamber is evaluated by t=h/Vs. = 1.07/0.028 = 38.2 s Comparing with the total time taken by the particles in the grit chamber will use the assumed grit chamber length and horizontal velocity of 13.5 m and 0.25 m/s respectively(Russell L. Culp, 2007, p. 232). Thus, t = 13.5/0.025 = 54s, hence the particle will have no doubt be contained in the chamber Overflow velocity = 0.15/ (13.5*0.56) =19.8 mm/s Diving by the settling viscosity to obtain the ratio, Vs. /Vo = 17.7 / 19.8 = 0.893 which is less than 1. This means that particles having a diameter equal to this would settle in the bottom of the chamber. Advantages of aerated grit chamber: Below are some of the merits that come with this design of the aerated grit chamber, The effluent removal efficiency is Consistent for a longer period. The pre aeration process helps to improve downstream performance which alternatively reduces the incoming wastewater septic conditions(Steven E. Esmond, 2009, p. 500). The versatile nature of the aerated grit chambers helps in enabling the addition and mixing of chemical and also flocculation process. The maintenance cost is greatly reduced(Hamidi Abdul Aziz, 2014, p. 224). This design is very simple since there are no underwater parts that are in motion Besides, the lift pumping can be enabled by a blower The primary purpose of the equalization basin is improving the efficiency of secondary treatment and progressive treatment processes. Thus, the design will firstly involve the determination of the average flow, which is 0.1404 m3/s as can be seen from the above table. The flows are then organized starting with the time and flow which surpasses the average flow and time. I.e. t= 0900h at flow v= 0.1965m3/s. below is the table arrangement. The other columns have been generated as shown below. Volume inflow = inflow *time difference (1hour)*3600 seconds per hour Volume outflow = outflow *time difference (1hour)*3600 seconds per hour dS= inflow volume outflow volume The required volume for the equalization basin is the maximum cumulative storage. With the requirement for 25 percent excess, the volume would then be(Kurbiel, 2009, p. 522). The maximum cumulative volume/ storage would then be obtained by a 25% excess of volume i.e. =125/ 100 * 2219.4 =27774.25 m3. The average concentration is determined as. Sav= inflow volume at certain time interval * average BOD5 concentration at certain time interval + previous time interval final volume of basin water * BOD5 concentration in the basin) initial volume + settling volume. Design of the Primary sedimentation Using the following set of data, evaluate the design of the primary sedimentation with regards to the detention time, weir loading and the overflow rate. Design data. Length of the weir = 75m, Concentration of sludge = 6 %, Flow = 0.1965 m3/s., Efficiency to be achieved = 60%, Effective Length = 40 m, depth of the liquid = 2 m, Influent= 286 mg/l. Width = 10 m Detention time= tank volume / flow, = {40*10*2/ 0.1965}/ 3600 = 1.13 h which is reasonably good. The overflow rate= flow /surface area. Vo = 0.000491 x 86400 = 42.4 m/d which is reasonably good. The weir loading = flow/length of the weir = 0.00262 x 86400 = 226.368 m3/d. m which is reasonably good. Design of the secondary settling tank. Taking the average overflow rate obtained above of 42.4 m/d, the diameter of the secondary tank is first computed as shown below, Area = (0.150 86400) /42.4 = 305.66 m2 = ?D2/4 Hence the diameter is approximate D= 20 m Selecting an SWD of 3.7 m settling basin table and thus checking the solids loading, we obtain SL = 2500 0.3 ? (20)2/4 = 750/314 *10-3*86400 = 206.36 kg/d .m2. Comparing this rate with the maxima in the figure above. We can deduce that; Assuming SVI= 175 f, the extreme permissible loading is 200 kg/d .m2. The weir loading, WL = 0.15 86400 ? (20) = 206.36 m3/dm. Which is reasonably accepted since it does not exceed prescribed weir loading in GLUMRB Ways of handling sludge Sludge is basically a bio solid or residue that is responsible for the storage in sewage treatment plants and its proper handling ensures that it is properly consumed. The treatment comprises of the various process involving stabilization, dehydration, burning, absorption, and dewatering. Below are ways of handling the bio solids(Skarheim, 2008, p. 357). Agriculturally though inorganic manure production It can also be used as compost manure Landfilling Merits and drawbacks of biological phosphorus elimination process Advantages The ability of dewatering is not altered hence resulting to high-quality sludge Low content of saline is obtained The biological elimination means that no chemicals are produced during sludge production Besides, the inhabitation of nitrification process is reduced Drawbacks Some phosphorus content is released during treatment process There is Reliance on wastewater composition hence the process may not be stable at times The volume index of the sludge is influenced negatively Cost analysis: infrastructure cost maintenance cost (energy consumption) During the water treatment process, various form of energy is involved I.e. electrical, chemical and also manual. These forms can be classified as either renewable, nonrenewable or indirect form of energy. Below is the estimation of how the various forms are consumed This comes as a result of the load in the motor which is operated for a specific period of time in hours. Assuming that the motor is having an efficiency of 0.8, below will be the approximate kilowatt-hour usage for the total energy specifics. The total amount of energy consumed is found to be approximately 1.03kWh/m3 of wastewater treatment which is considerably lower than the values which are contained in the literature for large-scale wastewater treatment plants. Thus making this kind of design more adaptable Conclusion Recycled wastewater has a lot of benefits such as environmental benefits, improvement of the wetlands, lowering of the operation costs, reducing transportation costs, increasing irrigation benefits as well as providing future water supply. This project involved the design of a wastewater treatment plant address various risks as indicated above, the data used in the design have been assumed and the various stages have been designed including the secondary settling tank, grit chamber, primary sedimentation tank and the equalization basin, besides the theoretical aspects of the benefits and reason as to why the waste water treatment plant should be adopted have been well explained(Skarheim, 2008, p. 667). References Bonomo, L., 2011. Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse: Selected Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse. 4th ed. Virginia: Pergamon Press. Hamidi Abdul Aziz, A. M., 2014. Wastewater Engineering: Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems. 3rd ed. Chicago: IJSR Publications. Kurbiel, J., 2009. Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: Proceedings of the IAWPRC Conference Held in Cracow, Poland, 2nd ed. Virginia: Pergamon Press. Partners, G., 2012. Engineering SoundBite: Advanced Wastewater Treatment. 2nd ed. Carlisle: Guyer Press. Russell L. Culp, G. L. C., 2007. Advanced wastewater treatment. 1st ed. Westminster: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Russell L. Culp, G. M. W. G. L. C., 2011. Handbook of Advanced Wastewater Treatment. 2nd ed. Michigan: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Skarheim, H. P., 2008. Biological Monitoring of an Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant. 2nd ed. New York Hans Petter Skarheim press. Steven E. Esmond, T. A. . M. U. M. E. R. L., 2009. The removal of metals and viruses in advanced wastewater treatment sequences, Volume 1. 2nd ed. Leicester: Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Leininger Theory Essay Example

Leininger Theory Paper Running Head: Culture on Health Care Nursing Using Leininger’s Cultural Theory. Name Instructor Course Institution Date Abstract This write-up is an analysis of cultural effects on health care using Leininger’s cultural care theory. It will be focusing on an Indian family who reside in the US and using the US health care facilities. Introduction Leininger’s cultural care theory is used to explain the relationship between culture and health care delivery. People of different cultures respond differently to health care delivery. Leininger identified a lack of care and cultural knowledge as being the missing link to nursing’s understanding of the many variations needed in patient care to support healing, compliance and wellness. Related to nursing care called trans-cultural nursing in the 1950s. Most elderly Indians are illiterate, with only 10% having acquired less than a fourth or fifth-grade education. Most of the religions they identify with originated from India and include Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. The most popular of them is Hinduism followed by Islam. Traditional healthcare are still quite common among the elderly population and their culture in general, with most of the elderly people seeking treatment from the traditional medical practitioners, as opposed to modern health professionals in private practices or hospitals. The Indian elderly are likely to have been influenced by various family experiences during their childhood. These rangers from traditional exterminations, disenfranchisement, various broken political treaties and some of the 18th and 19th century forced marches as well as myriads of an individual based dramatic impacts. We will write a custom essay sample on Leininger Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leininger Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leininger Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The modern health care practices are the most modern practices. Traditional practices, however, continue to be practiced in India. The traditional practice is dated more than 3000 years ago and has been passed through many generations. The conflict between the impact of culture in the delivery of health care is there because, despite the availability of modern health care services, elderly Indians still seek traditional healthcare. They believe that modern methods for health care merely relieve symptoms of various ailments rather than curing. This impacts the delivery of health care to the Indians living in the US because they still believe that the modern delivery of healthcare is inferior and ineffective to the traditional health practices. Though Indians have lower prevalence of cancer, they have considerably higher prevalence of the gall baler disease and diabetes. In relation to illness and health, the health beliefs of the Indians are that most illnesses are as a result of curses, reward of one’s evil doing in the past and that health is a gift from God. They also believe that the ancestors could be appeased to cure mysterious ailments. This leads to a strong conflict between health care delivery systems and cultural practices. The other conflict is the doctors who come from the same areas. They sometimes advise a patient to go home terming the ailment as spiritual. The illness and health needs of the Igbo include; lack of drinking water, low income, malaria and overcrowding among others. Overcrowding allows easy transmission of infectious diseases. Most of the Indians die out of stroke because healthcare is neither affordable nor available for early diagnosis. People only go to the hospital when they are almost dying due to lack of health insurance (Johnson stock, 2010). Leininger, in her Culture Care theory, states that caring is not only the essence of nursing but also unique to nursing (Leininger, 1976). The roots of the theory are found in clinical practice of nursing: Leininger came to the discovery that patients from different cultures valued care more than the nurses did. An Indian family in the US for instance, has its beliefs shaped by Indian traditions, spiritual belief system, or a sense of community and healing. Conclusion The Leininger’s theory effectively explains the relationship between culture and the delivery of healthcare, e. g. among the Indians. References. Johnson, J. A Stockpf, C. H (2010). Comparative Health Systems: Global Perspectives. Sadbury Jonesand Barlett Publishers. Leininger, M. M. (1976) Transcultural Healthcare Issues and Conditions. F. A Davis Co. : University of California.

Chatelperronian Transition to Upper Paleolithic

Chatelperronian Transition to Upper Paleolithic The Chà ¢telperronian period refers to one of five stone tool industries identified within the Upper Paleolithic period of Europe (ca 45,000-20,000 years ago). Once thought the earliest of the five industries, the Chà ¢telperronian is today recognized as roughly coeval with or perhaps somewhat later than the Aurignacian period: both are associated with the Middle Paleolithic to Upper Paleolithic transition, ca. 45,000-33,000 years ago. During that transition, the last Neanderthals in Europe died out, the result of a not-necessarily-peaceful cultural transition of European ownership from the long-established Neanderthal residents to the new influx of early modern humans from Africa. When first described and defined in the early twentieth century, the Chà ¢telperronian was believed to be the work of early modern humans (then called Cro Magnon), who, it was thought had descended directly from Neanderthals. The split between Middle and Upper Paleolithic is a distinct one, with great advances in the range of stone tool types and also with raw materialsthe Upper Paleolithic period has tools and objects made of bone, teeth, ivory and antler, none of which was seen in the Middle Paleolithic. The change is technology is today associated with the entrance of early modern humans from Africa into Europe. The discovery of Neanderthals at Saint Cesaire (aka La Roche a Pierrot) and Grotte du Renne (aka Arcy-sur-Cure) in direct association with Chà ¢telperronian artifacts, led to the original debates: who made the Chà ¢telperronian tools? Chà ¢telperronian Toolkit Chà ¢telperronian stone industries are a blend of earlier tool types from the Middle Paleolithic Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic Aurignacian style tool types. These include denticulates, distinctive side scrapers (called racloir chà ¢telperronien) and endscrapers. One characteristic stone tool found on Chà ¢telperronian sites are backed blades, tools made on flint chips which have been shaped with abrupt retouch. Chà ¢telperronian blades were made from a large, thick flake or block that were prepared in advance, in distinct comparison to later Aurignacian stone tool kits which were based on more extensively worked prismatic cores. Although the lithic materials at Chà ¢telperronian sites often include stone tools similar to the earlier Mousterian occupations, in some sites, an extensive collection of tools were produced on ivory, shell, and bone: these types of tools are not found in Mousterian sites at all. Important bone collections have been found at three sites in France: Grotte du Renne at Arcy sur-Cure, Saint Cesaire and Quinà §ay. At Grotte du Renne, the bone tools included awls, bi-conical points, tubes made of bird bones and pendants, and sawed ungulate antlers and picks. Some personal ornaments have been found at these sites, some of which are stained with red ochre: all of these are evidence of what archaeologists call modern human behaviors or behavioral complexity.​ The stone tools led to the assumption of cultural continuity, with some scholars well into the 1990s arguing that humans in Europe had evolved from Neanderthals. Subsequent archaeological and DNA research has overwhelmingly indicated that early modern humans in fact evolved in Africa, and then migrated into Europe and mixed with the Neanderthal natives. The parallel discoveries of bone tools and other behavioral modernity at Chatelperronian and Aurignacian sites, not to mention radiocarbon dating evidence has led to a realignment of the early Upper Paleolithic sequence. How They Learned That The major mystery of the Chà ¢telperronianassuming that it does indeed represent Neanderthals, and there certainly seems to be ample proof of thatis how did they acquire new technologies just at the point when the new African immigrants arrived in Europe? When and how that happenedwhen the African emigrants turned up in Europe and when and how the Europeans learned to make bone tools and backed scrapersis a matter for some debate. Did the Neanderthals imitate or learn from or borrow from the Africans when they began using sophisticated stone and bone tools; or were they innovators, who happened to learn the technique about the same time? Archaeological evidence at sites such as Kostenki in Russia and Grotta del Cavallo in Italy has pushed back the arrival of early modern humans to about 45,000 years ago. They used a sophisticated tool kit, complete with bone and antler tools and personal decorative objects, called collectively Aurignacian. Evidence is also strong that Neanderthals first appeared in Europe about 800,000 years ago, and they relied on primarily stone tools; but about 40,000 years ago, they may have adopted or invented bone and antler tools and personal decorative items. Whether that was separate invention or borrowing remains to be determined. Sources Bar-Yosef O, and Bordes J-G. 2010. Who were the makers of the Chà ¢telperronian culture? Journal of Human Evolution 59(5):586-593.Coolidge FL, and Wynn T. 2004. A cognitive and neurophysical perspective on the Chatelperronian. Journal of Archaeological Research 60(4):55-73.Discamps E, Jaubert J, and Bachellerie F. 2011. Human choices and environmental constraints: deciphering the variability of large game procurement from Mousterian to Aurignacian times (MIS 5-3) in southwestern France. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(19-20):2755-2775.

Asian Exclusion Laws Essay Research Paper There

Asiatic Exclusion Laws Essay, Research Paper There were a really big figure of local, province, and federal Torahs that were specifically aimed at interrupting the flow of Chinese and Nipponese immigrants to the United States. Two of the major Torahs were the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and the 1907-1908 Gentleman s Agreement. Although the Torahs had some differences, they were rather similar and had similar impacts on the immigrant population. The 1882, Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act, which outlawed Chinese in-migration. It besides explicitly denied naturalisation rights to Chinese, intending they were non allowed to go citizens, as they were non free Whites. Prior to the Chinese Exclusion Act, some 300,000 labourers arrived in California, and the act was intended to chiefly forestall the entry of more labourers. The transition of the Chinese Exclusion Act was the first effort by Congress to censor a group of immigrants based on race or colour. The lone Chinese that lawfully entered the United States during the six decennaries the Exclusion Act was in topographic point were those in exempted categories such as merchandisers, pupils, diplomats, and travellers ( Chan ) . An unknown figure illicitly entered through the Canadian and Mexican boundary lines and many others entered as paper boies. The act did non forestall Chinese in-migration per Se ; it merely prevented most legal in-migration. The 1907-1908 Gentleman s Agreement was the consequence of a struggle between the San Francisco school board and the Asian ( peculiarly Nipponese ) community related to school segregation. President Roosevelt made an understanding with the Nipponese authorities. In exchange for the school board s leting Nipponese pupils to go to white schools in California, the Nipponese authorities agreed to halt publishing passports to labourers. ( Chan ) Despite the passage of the Gentleman s Agreement, some 120,000 Nipponese arrived in California during the 15 old ages continuing the understanding ( Chan ) . The two pieces of statute law were similar in that they attempted to hold the in-migration of labourers. It seemed the United States authorities was directing a message that they wanted merely educated, professional immigrants from Asiatic states, and there was no longer a demand for the labourers they one time welcomed. The Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentleman s Agreement were both blazing efforts by the United States to shut the door to Asiatic immigrants. While other pieces of statute law were simply punitory to the immigrants already here, such as the Alien Land Laws and the Foreign Miners Tax, these clearly aimed to deny Asiatic immigrants entry to the United States. The Gentleman s Agreement was less restrictive than the Chinese Exclusion Act, as it allowed Nipponese adult females to come in the United States. From the beginning of the Nipponese in-migration there was an apprehension that adult females would be allowed to come in the U.S. , and the Gentleman s Agreement did non revoke that. The Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentleman s Agreement were rather similar with similar impacts on the immigrant population, although their names suggest otherwise. The Chinese Exclusion Act sounds really rough, while the Gentleman s Agreement sounds more genteel. Deceptive names aside, the two pieces of statute law were really much the same.

Business strategies of Zara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Business strategies of Zara - Essay Example This research will begin with the PESTEL analysis of Zara. PESTEL is a tool which helps in analyzing the external environment for the company. This tool divides the macro environment into six factors which are Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal. The PESTEL tool will be utilized to assess the impact of these external factors on the apparel industry in Spain. Among several measures, the Spanish government has increased the corporate tax rate from 24 percent to 24.75 per cent including royalty payments. The increase in tax rates would be effective from 01 January 2012. The increase in tax rates has also been imposed on multinational corporations investing in Spain. The increase in corporate tax rate has led to an increase in the prices of garments and affected the apparel industry of Spain. The current economic situation of the economy is very weak and the average GDP growth of the economy has been very slow since 2007. The GDP growth of Spain was 3.7 p ercent in the year 2009 and 0.2 percent in the year 2010. There has been a major decrease in consumer spending and employment. However, the apparel industry of Spain has been recovering steadily amidst the recession. The export value of garment increased from $68,120 in the year 2009 to $88,821 in the year 2010. As estimated by the analyst the rise in consumer spending on textiles and food would increase by the end of the year 2013. Social As per a survey conducted by Fashion United, a resident of European Union spent 5.3 percent of their salary on clothing and footwear (Fashion United, 2013). This reflects that fashion plays an integral part in the lives of Europeans. Europeans like wearing fashionable clothes and footwear as it enhances their personality. The apparel industry manages to yield profits even amidst a slow economy. Technological Technology plays a pivotal role in the fashion industry. Information Technology has helped the fashion companies of Europe in improving the supply chain management. Majority of the fashion companies use their official website as a medium to communicate and provide information to their customers. European fashion companies use their website extensively as an important communication tool. Technology like Location Based Mobile Technology permits the retailers to track and communicate with their customers (Wang et. al., n.d.). Environmental Most of the European companies have introduced their own environment policies which believe in the conservation of environment and preventing environment degradation. Fashion companies in Europe have introduced their own environmental policies which include usage of ecological fabrics and biodegradable materials in the manufacturing of clothes and footwear. Legal Plagiarism is a huge offence in the fashion industry (Jones, 2005). As per the intellectual property act the company can obtain ownership rights for its work to prevent plagiarism (Canberra Institute of Technology, 2011). In the year 2007, John Galliano was found guilty by the court of France for plagiarism for copying the design of Willam Klein (Daily Mail, 2007). The retail companies found guilty of plagiarism will be tried in the court of their respective countries. Porter’s Five Forces Model Before developing a business strategy, a company needs to identify the forces which affect the profitability of an industry (Henry, 2008). The five forces are as follows 1) Threat of new entrants: If a particular industry is witnessing high profit then it would naturally attract new entrants. A lot of time and cost is invested by the

Teaching Standard English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teaching Standard English - Essay Example The essay is meant for a general audience but it brings up several issues that specifically appear to be addressed to language teachers in America. Christensen explains that the stigma experienced by children brought up in backgrounds not advocating Standard English throughout their school life and beyond negatively impacts on their self-esteem. Using the example of Fred, one of her students, she discusses the fear resulting from societal expectations and the criticisms that sometimes scare learners into not writing at all, rather than risk doing so and end up making errors. Fred has trouble learning because he is too scared to write and when he finally does; his creativity is severely hindered by his obsession with writing the â€Å"correct† English rather than expressing himself. (Christensen 36). Through this case study, the writer is successful in appealing to the audience’s sympathy by depicting Fred as a victim of the societal expectations that are beyond his cont rol. By presenting her argument alongside Fred’s case, she is likely to convince an objective audience of the error of putting too much emphasis on the structure parts of the language as opposed to the functions. Bringing about social change, as she is evidently trying to do with her essay is a complicated affair that requires that one not only creates a rapport with their audience but also convinces them to step outside their previous assumptions and bias about a subject. However by initiating and emotional presenting Fred as a victim and showing his emotional challenge in an objective manner, she forces the reader to open their mind, acknowledge and confront the reality of the underlying problem. She breaks down the whole issue and brings it to a personal level showing the audience that if it can happen to Fred it can happen to any of them or even their children etc. Christensen emphasizes the need for English teachers to be careful when it comes to correcting their student ’s mistakes since the manner in which they do it could negatively impact on their learning process. She mentions how a teacher can learn a lot about their learner’s lives by encouraging them to express themselves through writing, if teachers understood the importance of assisting the students in such expression they will be more conscious of their approaches and pursue learner centred as opposed to language centred teaching methods. For example, students who have been sexually abused could be hiding behind their problems and failing to express or report them; however, given chance to write without being judged based on grammar, teachers can learn their problem and advise them on the appropriate actions they should take. She concludes with an assertion that while it is important for students to learn standard English, they also need to understand why they are learning it, and they should not do it to avoid criticisms, but rather because they want to (Christensen 36). Te aching the rules of Standard English without imparting the need to reflect on them is only likely to force the students to comply out a need to conform rather than the intrinsic desire to learn. At the end of the day, she convinces he reader that the focus of education is in the learners personal and academic development, therefore teachers should ensure they use the educational opportunity assist

Essay --

All mammalian mothers feed their children breast milk directly from breast to mouth; this act is known as breastfeeding. The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommends early initiation of breastfeeding, within an hour of birth, and exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life (Global strategy for infant and young child feeding, WHO 2013). Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as the infant receiving only breast milk without the addition of solid foods or other liquids. The benefits of exclusive breastfeeding are numerous, with the most highly recognized being protection against gastrointestinal infections, which have been shown to be a cause of mortality in infants. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) 2013 Breastfeeding Report Card, approximately 77% of American children are breastfed at all, 40% are exclusively breastfed at three months old, and 16% by six months. Approximately 50% of mothers continue to breastfeed their children past six months, although the child’s sustenance is supplemented with solid foods and other liquids. Lack of breastfeeding has been linked to malnourishment, which is associated with 45% of child deaths globally (WHO 2013). In 2012, close to 100 million children under the age of five were below the healthy weight-to-height ratio as a consequence of malnutrition due to inadequate feeding and multiple infections. Research has shown that the act of breastfeeding not only provides benefits for the child, but also mothers. According to the federal agency on women’s health, breastfeeding has been associated with reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancers, and other women’s health problems. Encouraging women to breastfeed exclusively for the first six months of thei... ...initiatives have increased breastfeeding rates from 31% to 51% in a small rural community in Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada (Martens, 2000). Increasing educational initiatives to encourage breastfeeding can be further fortified by encouraging the involvement of family and close friends in the decision-making process. The support of family members such as spouses, siblings, and the infant’s grandparents is essential in helping the mother as she decides how the baby will be fed and providing the necessary support once the baby is born. Family members can also serve as mentors to mothers who are considering their infant’s feeding options. The baby’s grandmother, for example, can be a key influence by sharing her breastfeeding experience with her pregnant daughter or daughter-in-law. A mother’s perspective on breastfeeding is greatly influenced by the community around her.

Punishment: Forms and Functions Essay

In a contemporary society where crime takes place we expect the state authority to dispense justice in the form of punishment to maintain social solidarity. There are many forms of punishment that can be given to an offender, each with their own functions for the offender and society itself. Imprisonment is one of the most widely used forms of punishments globally, the ideology of imprisonment globally tends to remain the same. There are several functions of imprisonment and whether it is an effective method of punishment is widely argued by sociologist. To remove the offender from society, as to keep society safe is one function that stands out, by putting the offender in a high security environment you take away their freedom to commit offences towards the public again. However it could be argued that prison is deemed an unsafe environment for the offender itself as an institution, for many it’s an environment where they have to adapt to survive, in which case becoming a bre eding more criminals as a result of this or producing victims. Alternative punishment such as house arrest or probation would be more suitable in the face of the offender’s personal safety, whereby they are still paying for the crimes they have committed, with limitations on their freedom, however they are much safer. Statistics show that 50% of offenders that are released from prison are likely to reoffend within 3 years, which is the same rate as those who are given these alternative punishment. With 3% of the American population in prison and a large majority of those likely to reoffend within 3 year of release, they should be looking for alternative approaches to prison that takes into account the safety of the offender. However it could be argued that prison is there to be tough and that the people in there are criminals and should be treated as such. An alternative approach to prison that has be found to be particularly successful across America in reducing the number of young people entering prison and reducing the reoffending rate s are correctional facilities, which implements army regimes, with an aim to instil discipline, self-control and work ethic into juveniles. This form of punishment works based on the idea of giving young people who have committed the change to go through a programme or carry on with their sentence. This form of punishment works based on the idea of deterrence as mentioned in item B, which in the case of this form of punishment where it is heavily applied it is successful proven by the low rates of reoffending after graduation from correctional  facilities. However it can be argued it’s difficult to prove the effectiveness of deterrence, because only the offenders who weren’t deterred by possible consequences of the actions will come to face the enforcement of the punishment, therefore it does not tell us why others do not offend. Making punishments based on deterrence is based on a key concept that offenders choose to obey or disobey the law having calculated the possible gains and consequences of their actions. It could be argued that all forms of punishment are based on deterrence, we have punishment to deter the public from committing crimes, and it forces society to conform. Over the many centuries that there have been prison systems there have been changes in the way offenders have been treated, one concept that is present in today’s prison system is the idea of rehabilitation, this is aiming to reform the offender to give them the support and skills they needs to be able to go back into society once they have served their sentence, and in turn stop them reoffending. This as a function of punishment is generally very positive, it’s helping the offender, their still contained in a high security environment away from the public however for many offenders they tend to be uneducated or lack vocational skills which has left them unsupported previously, with rehabilitation they’re able to gain these skills so they can go out and get jobs, meaning they’re less likely to lead criminal lives when they’re released from prison. However Rothman 1973 rejects the idea of rehabilitating offenders, he believes that due to the environment they’re in with officers holding huge amounts of power over them, they’re left with little free will and are forced into these programmes. However it’s often found that many offenders, especially women and ethnic minorities, take well the programmes having been discriminated against in education and in the work place so having had less opportunism before prison. 30 mins When assessing the functions and forms of punishment one key aspect I think is important to take into consideration is the role of the crime itself and how that plays out in punishment. Imprisonment, can be a harsh environment, however can be an opportunity for offenders to reflect on the crime they’ve committed and who they’ve committed it against. Restorative justice also gives offender this opportunity to reflect on the harm they’ve caused  through programmes such as victim offender medication, which studies show has a high satisfaction rate for those involved, high victim participant rates, meaning a large proportion of victims who can will take up the opportunity to talk to the victim of their crime, and importantly reduced criminal behaviour by offenders (cumbhert 1994). However a major criticism of victim offender mediation is that it’s difficult in terms of victims of brutal crimes such rape of with relatives of murder victims. Item B refers to t he use of execution as a form of punishment, whereby countries such as the USA still enforce the death penalty, the UK uses the alternative of life imprisonment for brutal crimes such as murder or rape of a minor. Deterrence is a prominent concept when discussing death penalty, the idea is that if you take a life where the death penalty is used as a form of punishment, your life will be taken, however research from the death penalty information centre suggests that the use of capital punishment has no effect on the rate of murder case, when they compared states that used the penalty there wasn’t much difference between the number of murder cases and in some year It was higher for states with the penalty. In the UK we abandoned capital punishment and replaced it with life imprisonment, which some argue to be unfair on the victims and believe in the take a lie give a life ideology. However when you take into consideration a lifetime imprisonment and was that would actually be like, living with hundreds of criminals for a lifetime, in isolation, without many rights, it could be argued that the offender would endure more suffering, therefore the punishment is right for what they’ve done, and they’re serving the time for their crimes. Prison is a form of punishment which is a theme throughout, Foucault provides an explanation for why prison is so prominent as a form of punishment in our society. In previous years sovereign power was prominent, whereby punishment would be handled by those in power of the land, i.e. the king or queen, this would be done in a manner of cruelty and brutally aiming to punish the body for the crimes that have been committed. In our society we have moved towards disciplinary power whereby punishment is handed out by the authorities, it’s done so with an aim of disciplining the mind, making them correct their own actions. The idea of self-discipline comes into play in prisons where by prisoners are being watched by guards so act accordingly, in time they will begin to act this way without the guards being there in  case they are being watched. There are many forms of punishment and many functions of those punishments, and whether a punishment is successful depends on what the aim is and who the punishment is applied to. For example many argue that a fine is a suitable punishment for speeding and acts as a deterrent for reckless driving.

The History of Enron and WorldCom Free Essay Example, 3750 words

Emshwiller and Smith report that ‘The events were followed by a series of scandals involving irregular accounting methods bordering on fraud which involved Enron and Arthur Andersen accounting firm and led Enron on the verge of undergoing the largest bankruptcy in economic history in November 2001’. 7 Since Enron was always considered a blue chip stock, the bankruptcy was a disastrous and unprecedented event in the global financial world. The story of WorldCom is not quite different – the company had a very good start and a wonderful growth rate but it finished poorly. The starting objective of the company in 1984 was to provide service as a long distance reseller company thus the name LDDS, which stands for Long Distance Discount Service. The company embarked on a lot of acquisitions in the 1990s and these acquisitions fuelled the company’s growth. The website, which reports mainly on WorldCom reports that ‘For 15 years it grew quickly through acquisitions and mergers. Its $40 billion merger with MCI in 1998 was the largest in history at the time. ’8 The table below shows major companies that were bought or merged with WorldCom Company Year bought or merged Advanced Communications Corporation Resurgens Communication Group Metromedia Communication Corporation IDB Communications Group, Inc Williams Technology Group, Inc MFS Communication Company Digex (DIGX) 1992 1993 1993 1994 1995 1996 2001 The year 2002 however became the crisis year for the telecommunication giant that was once the second-largest long distance phone company in the U. S.9 The cause of the crisis as reported by Simon R. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Enron and WorldCom or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now & Riva D. A, was because WorldCom was ‘plagued by the rapid erosion of its profits and an accounting scandal that created billions in illusory earnings’10. It was reported that WorldCom executives lied about the companys accounting numbers, blowing the companys assets up by around $12 billion dollars. The result of this was a swift bankruptcy that was followed by massive losses for investors of the company. 2.0 Potential Risks that all Companies are Likely to Face and how they may be Addressed One of the most prudent thoughts any investor or entrepreneur should have at the back of his mind is that the decision to start a company comes with a lot of risks. The word ‘risk’ sounds threatening but these company or business risks do not suggest that every business would fail at all cost. The truth rather is, when an investor or an entrepreneur is aware of these risks, he is put in a very good position to handle them when they begin merging their heads.