Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Budgets

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Statuses and roles correspond (Sociology) Research Paper

Statuses and jobs compare (Sociology) - Research Paper Example Status is significant since alongside it are the distinctive arrangement of rights, commitments and jobs of an individual is characterized. While attributed status is a greater amount of a relationship with your family and your gathering, race or financial standing, accomplished status is a greater amount of an exertion of the individual and is increasingly liquid and changes after some time. My own status as a white collar class individual or some portion of the average folks is related with my money related remaining in the general public. Living in an outside land, my status as an outsider gives me a notoriety that I am not one of the individuals in this land and that I may appear to be changed. In spite of the fact that through time, I have picked up the status as an understudy and a manicurist, the jobs and duties allocated to be are constrained by my attributed status. Being an understudy additionally restricts my jobs, obligations and openings since I presently can't seem to go up the status stepping stool. I accept that my lord status right currently is being an outsider in this land, being an alternate nationality and being an utilized understudy. The attributed and accomplished status that I have been doled out to is the manner by which the general public sees me and thusly, the status I am in is the means by which the general public anticipates that me should act and work with the progression of the

College Admissions Essay Samples - How to Create the Best Essay

College Admissions Essay Samples - How to Create the Best EssayAdmission essays are a sort of necessity in many schools. Most times, students will find it difficult to come up with the right admissions essay samples for college. In this article, you will find out how to create the best essay that can be used by the students.There are a number of different types of essays. Essays are required by most schools so that they can evaluate the applicants' attributes. Though some students find it hard to write their essay because of the format; it does not mean that you have to write something that is boring.In fact, this is one of the easiest ways for students to write their student's essay. You just have to focus on the content of the essay and make sure that you are not making it too long.College admissions essays have different elements that they need to consider when drafting them. These include what kind of job an applicant has and his academic background. You should also look into the gender, race, religion, and class of the applicant.If you want to create a very good college admissions essay, you have to keep in mind the other parts of the essay. You have to make sure that you write about the applicant's personal traits like what he likes to do, where he lives, and other information. Once you write about these, the other parts of the essay will follow naturally.It is important that you go online and browse through various colleges that you have chosen. When you do this, you will find out about the schools that have good admissions essay samples. Also, it is important that you have to choose the essay that best suits the school.These essay samples can help you a lot in creating a really good essay. Moreover, you can also upload the college admissions essay samples you have created online. You can give them to your favorite college or recommend them to people who may be interested in applying to a particular college.

Aboriginal Political Movement in Australia - 2511 Words

Question: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island peoples have since colonization been politically active. Discuss drawing from readings and research about various forms of political engagement. Since the beginning of European colonization in 1788, Aboriginal people have experienced displacement, have been the targets of genocidal policies and practices, and have had families destroyed through the forcible removal of children. Decades of colonial exploitation and a prolonged systematic attempt to destroy Aboriginal people and culture have led to legislations and policies that are punitive and restrictive towards Aboriginal people. Such legislation reflects the dominant society’s perceptions of Aboriginal people and how they ought to be†¦show more content†¦Aboriginal people did not have access to amenities, such as cinemas, hotels, cafà ©s and swimming pools, and suffered prejudice and suspicion as well as verbal and sometimes physical abuse (**). In the town of Walgett they decided to picket the Walgett Returned Service League Club (RSL) as a protest against the treatment of Aboriginal people. The media covered the Walgett RSL protest. The central role of the film camera in this campaign demonstrated the growing sophistication of activists who recognized the need to show city dwellers what was happening in country towns. Also captured on tape was the vice-president of the RSL who said he would never allow an Aboriginal to become a member (Curthoys, 2011, 12). Such evidence was beamed into the living rooms of Australians with the evening news and exposed an endemic racism. This film footage shocked city viewers and added to the mounting pressure on the government. The legacy of the Freedom Ride political action was a greater awareness of Aboriginal issues in a rural context. Perkins and his fellow students had successfully stirred up debate and sparked discussion around Australia on the state of Aboriginal affairs. Awakening media interest in Aboriginal affairs was positioned in favor of the Black Australian cause, to the severe embarrassment of many white townspeople in rural New South Wales. In the ensuing public debate, urban public knowledge of racial discrimination grew, someShow MoreRelatedAboriginal Political Movement in Australia2518 Words   |  11 PagesQuestion: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island peoples have since colonization been politically active. Discuss drawing from readings and research about various forms of political engagement. Since the beginning of European colonization in 1788, Aboriginal people have experienced displacement, have been the targets of genocidal policies and practices, and have had families destroyed through the forcible removal of children. Decades of colonial exploitation and a prolonged systematic attempt to destroyRead MoreThe Australian Aboriginal Rights Movement1201 Words   |  5 Pagesto protest for their rights. For example, civil rights movements were essential in supporting the Aboriginal People. The Australian Aboriginal Rights Movement aimed to gain full citizenship for Aboriginal peoples. This effort in Australia was one of the largest civil rights movements in the last one hundred years across the globe. These Australian Aborigines suffered from significant racial oppression and dispossession. The Aboriginal Movement was defined by student protestors such as Charles PerkinsRead More1967 referendum1035 Words   |  5 Pagesfinally addressing discrimination towards the Indigenous people and taking responsibility for Aboriginal affairs. However, some do not have the same representation of the results of the 1967 referendum because of the little improvement it has done for the Indigenous people. People have a negative representation of the 1967 referendum because there is still inequality between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals. Henry Reynolds argues the significance due to the fact that, â€Å"It was highly significantRead MoreTraditional Aboriginal Art As A Communication Tool Throughout Australian Aboriginal History993 Words   |  4 PagesTraditional Aboriginal Art Art has been used as a communication tool throughout Australian aboriginal history. They were utilized to convey knowledge of ancestral pasts and tapping into the spiritual power of their beliefs. In a traditionally oriented Aboriginal society, art was also very valuable. It was placed under such high regards that producing them are being controlled and access to them are restricted to only people of certain status . The body of the artwork are also predetermined. ThusRead MoreNative Imperialism And Its Implications On Aboriginal Identity895 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first European settlers, Australia was once believed to be a terra nullius, an uninhabited â€Å"nothing land.† The European colonizers of Australia sought to make something of this land they believed they had discovered. Operating under this false notion, colonizers systematically invaded and conquered Australia, imposing their own ways onto the land and its original custodians, the Aboriginal people. The introdu ction of western settlements disrupted much of Aboriginal life. In a publication titledRead MoreThe Core Of Future Actions Toward Social Change1730 Words   |  7 Pagesthe core of future actions toward social change. The best strategies to achieve change are found by looking at key moments of change in the past and using them to guide exploration in a current context. This essay aims to explore movements for growing awareness of Aboriginal history, solidarity and depth of scholarship in the past to then answer the questions of what are the key areas for change today. By taking a critical look at history, I am to discuss the potential for change today, centered aroundRead MoreReligion Belief Systems in Australia Post 19451239 Words   |  5 PagesSystems in Australia post 1945 Question 1: Aboriginal religion is based on land. Land is the heart of Aboriginal Dreaming and provides the assurance needed for the continuation of rituals and ceremonies (king, 2010, p.213). The effect of Dispossession on Aboriginal spiritualities related to the separation from their land was enormous and overwhelmingly detrimental. The impact of British colonisation resulted in Australia being declared terra-nullius land belonging to no-one and Aboriginal peoplesRead MoreHistory Course Outline787 Words   |  4 PagesOutline There are four topics; * Australia in the Vietnam War Era * Changing Rights and Freedoms * People Power and Politics in the Post-war Period * Australia’s Social and Cultural History in the Post-War Period Australia in the Vietnam War Inquiry questions †¢ How did the Australian government respond to the threat of communism after WWII? †¢ Why did Australia become involved in the Vietnam War? †¢ How did various groups respond to AustraliaÂ’s involvement in the Vietnam War? Read MoreSamuel Wagan Watson Night Racing Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesWatson, a self-identified aboriginal man of German and Irish descent. The narrators of the poems are frequently on or beside the road, and the bitumen itself becomes a metaphor for everything from addiction and memory to the search for love. The poem Night Racing is present in the second half of the anthology, in a section that deals primarily with race and issues surrounding racial tension. The car in which the narrator rides facilitates an attack on the colonisation of Australia by the â€Å"white man† inRead MoreIndigenous And Non Indigenous People1332 Words   |  6 PagesAs I was not born or raised in Australia, I had no idea about Indigenous Australian history before I came across this unit. The only idea I had is that Indigenous Australians receive ‘special treatment’ such as more welfare and ha ndouts from the government. Before I started this unit, I was expecting to learn Indigenous culture and traditions as I have been taught in my diploma unit before. However, in the very first lecture, Corrinne surprised me by being a white Indigenous people and the way she

Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation. Answer: Introduction: Recycling wastewater means that it is the same water that is used hence water from other areas is not utilized. In places where there is plenty of fresh water normally suffer when their water is taken hence recycling water will it only ensure that their water is maintained but also environmental sustainability is promoted(Bonomo, 2011, p. 535). In most cases, the process of recycling water inhibits its removal from delicate ecosystems and also prevents the wastewater from polluting other water bodies such as seas or oceans. This process ensures that the waste water such as sewage is treated and reutilized thereby the saving the aquatic life from pollution(Partners, 2012, p. 430). Increases Irrigation Benefits According to EPA recycled water contains best properties such as high levels of nitrogen which are of high benefit to irrigation systems(Hamidi Abdul Aziz, 2014, p. 332). Improved Wetlands There a lot of being benefits derived from the wetlands including accommodating wildlife, sustaining the aquatic life, improving water quality and lessening of floods, according to the EPA. The addition of recycled water to dried wetlands helps in sustaining their survival. Provides Future Water Supply Recycling wastewater ensures that there is absolutely hope of water by the future generation. Reduced transportation costs Industries that produce a high volume of wastewater find it difficult in transporting it hence recycling the wastewater will greatly eliminate the costs incurred when transporting the wastewater. Additionally, there will also be a reduction in demand for new water sources since there will be plenty of readily available treated wastewater(Kurbiel, 2009, p. 978). Lower Operation Costs Besides, the repeated use of recycled wastewater is comparatively cheaper as compared to the use fresh water. Else, using fresh water also slowly eliminates the freshwater bodies rendering them obsolete and polluted. Treatment Process This system will function based on the physical principles, chemical and biological principles to eliminate the pollutants from the water. Hence it will entail three stages namely; primary treatment, secondary treatment and finally the tertiary treatment process or the advanced treatment(Kurbiel, 2009, p. 432). There are various strategies which have been put into place at each and every stage to ensure that the water is of high quality as described below. Primary Treatment This stage utilizes simple and sustainable mechanical and biological processes to eliminate the first half of the pollutants present in the wastewater. It comprises of bar screens, grit chamber and the primary clarification. Bar screens These are screens which are mechanical in nature and they are responsible for eliminating larger particles or instance plastic rags, rocks etc. There is the presence of a rake placed horizontally on a ragged gear drive which takes the captured wastes to a conveyor which in turn places the wastes into a dumpster for exclusion(Partners, 2012, p. 909). Grit chamber In this section, the flowing wastewater enters this chamber which is aerated to allow fine grit particles to settle. Primary clarification After the water passes through the grit chamber, it is allowed into the primary clarifies which regulates the speed of the water flow to allow bigger particles to settle. These particles then are digested and dried for useful purposes such as composting(Partners, 2012, p. 434). At the end of the primary treatment, the quality of water is a bit increased and can be quantifiable be graded at 20%. Secondary treatment This stage uses biological means of eliminating the remaining pollutants. It has the following sections; aeration basins and the final clarifiers Aeration basins The wastewater is allowed to the aeration basins which helps in mixing the water with oxygen. The bacterial microorganisms present then take in the organic material. The microorganisms convert solids that have not settled to a form that they easily settle and thereafter they get absorbed in the final clarifiers as bio solids(Russell L. Culp, 2011, p. 754). Final Clarifiers At this stage, the solids which are still remaining settle here and get digested, however, some are taken back to the aeration chamber to be released into the incoming wastewater. At the end of the primary treatment, the quality of water is a bit increased and can be quantifiable be graded at 71%(Kurbiel, 2009, p. 843). After the primary and the secondary processes of water treatment, the water finally undergoes chemical treatment. This stage comprises of sand filters, disinfectants and DE chlorinators. Sand filters Upon leaving the secondary treatment stage, the water goes into sand filters which primarily eliminates any solids that have been left out. The advantage with this filtering system is that it can be easily observed when it is under operation. These filters are located between the disinfection chamber and the final clarifiers(Russell L. Culp, 2007, p. 444). Disinfection and DE chlorination Water from the sand filters is passed through the chlorine chambers for disinfection whereby the remaining microorganism are done away with. Thereafter, the chlorine is eliminated by the aid of sulphur dioxide since sulphur is not desirable to be present in the water bodies. At the end of the advanced treatment, the quality of water is a bit increased and can be quantifiable be graded at 93%(Skarheim, 2008, p. 783). Outfall After the whole water treatment process, the water is now clean and ready to be released into the environment. At the point where water is released into the environment is called the outfall. Solid waste processing During the treatment processes, bio solids are generated from each stage. These bio solids are very beneficial to the environment and should be decomposed. They act as natural organic fertilizer and also as soil conditioners. Besides, these bio solids can be utilized agriculturally by providing the full micronutrients and essential nutrients required by a healthy plant growth. Thus, they can be applied directly to the Land or applied in gardens and lawns as compost manure. Below are ways of processing bio solids(Skarheim, 2008, p. 498). Thickening In this chamber, air under high pressure is forced into the liquid where it gets dissolved and then it is allowed into the sludge. At the sludge, tiny air bubbles rise carrying the solids into the surface(Russell L. Culp, 2007, p. 523). Anaerobic digester Here, the sludge which has settled into the primary clarifiers is pumped in for stabilization. The air inside the tank is restricted and cannot escape at any point thereby encouraging anaerobic respiration(Skarheim, 2008, p. 436). De watering This process is meant to remove water from the digested solids. It is mechanically done using belt filter press or through squeezing. Below is the flow chart diagram Technically, Wastewater refers to the water which is combined with water materials and then released to the environment. The sources of the waste materials range widely from residential to industrial, institution and also to commercial. These wastes are harmful to the environment and also to human thus a more friendly and sustainable way should be put into place to ensure they are done away with(Kurbiel, 2009, p. 977). The whole process of wastewater treatment process involves biological, mechanical and sludge treatment process and it is done in structures called wastewater treatment plants. Assuming that the following information is provided to be used in the design of a wastewater plant; -M is the last two digits of group members when averaged and other values have been assumed as per the references and citations, the wastewater CONTAINS impurities that are big sized i.e. Bottles and hair(Steven E. Esmond, 2009, p. 852). Designing, Silt particles having a diameter and density of 0.017*(1+M*0.1) cm and 3*(1-M*0.1) g/cm3 respectively. Design a grit chamber and write down the merits of an aerated grit chamber? Solution Grit chamber: M = 5 O the particles = 0.017*(1+ M*0.1)/100 = 0.000255 m Density = 3*(1-M*0.1) = 1500 kg/m3 From introduction to environmental engineering book, the temperature of wastewater 22 degrees Celsius, while the density of density is approximately 1000 kg/m3 .besides, the viscosity is 0.995 mPa. Silt particles diameter is 0.000255 m., length of the grit chamber = 13.5m Vs. =g* {(s )*d}/18 but g =9.8, s=1500, =1000, d=0.000255m, =0.995 Hence replacing; Vs. = 9.8 (15001000)0.000255/18(0.995) = 0.0177 m/s settling velocity Reynolds number is thus calculated as shown; Re =settling velocity * silt diameter / viscosity = (0.0177)*(0.000255)/ (0.000995/1000) = 4.54 Assuming that horizontal velocity =0.25m/original velocity is Vo = 0.028 m/s, rate of flow = 0.15 m3/s, channel width= 0.56m The cross sectional area is calculated by dividing the flow rate by horizontal velocity. A = (0.15 m3/s)/ (0.25m/s) = 0.60 m2 Height of the flow is obtained by; area/channel width = 0.60/0.56 h =1.07m The time taken by the particle to reach the bottom of the chamber is evaluated by t=h/Vs. = 1.07/0.028 = 38.2 s Comparing with the total time taken by the particles in the grit chamber will use the assumed grit chamber length and horizontal velocity of 13.5 m and 0.25 m/s respectively(Russell L. Culp, 2007, p. 232). Thus, t = 13.5/0.025 = 54s, hence the particle will have no doubt be contained in the chamber Overflow velocity = 0.15/ (13.5*0.56) =19.8 mm/s Diving by the settling viscosity to obtain the ratio, Vs. /Vo = 17.7 / 19.8 = 0.893 which is less than 1. This means that particles having a diameter equal to this would settle in the bottom of the chamber. Advantages of aerated grit chamber: Below are some of the merits that come with this design of the aerated grit chamber, The effluent removal efficiency is Consistent for a longer period. The pre aeration process helps to improve downstream performance which alternatively reduces the incoming wastewater septic conditions(Steven E. Esmond, 2009, p. 500). The versatile nature of the aerated grit chambers helps in enabling the addition and mixing of chemical and also flocculation process. The maintenance cost is greatly reduced(Hamidi Abdul Aziz, 2014, p. 224). This design is very simple since there are no underwater parts that are in motion Besides, the lift pumping can be enabled by a blower The primary purpose of the equalization basin is improving the efficiency of secondary treatment and progressive treatment processes. Thus, the design will firstly involve the determination of the average flow, which is 0.1404 m3/s as can be seen from the above table. The flows are then organized starting with the time and flow which surpasses the average flow and time. I.e. t= 0900h at flow v= 0.1965m3/s. below is the table arrangement. The other columns have been generated as shown below. Volume inflow = inflow *time difference (1hour)*3600 seconds per hour Volume outflow = outflow *time difference (1hour)*3600 seconds per hour dS= inflow volume outflow volume The required volume for the equalization basin is the maximum cumulative storage. With the requirement for 25 percent excess, the volume would then be(Kurbiel, 2009, p. 522). The maximum cumulative volume/ storage would then be obtained by a 25% excess of volume i.e. =125/ 100 * 2219.4 =27774.25 m3. The average concentration is determined as. Sav= inflow volume at certain time interval * average BOD5 concentration at certain time interval + previous time interval final volume of basin water * BOD5 concentration in the basin) initial volume + settling volume. Design of the Primary sedimentation Using the following set of data, evaluate the design of the primary sedimentation with regards to the detention time, weir loading and the overflow rate. Design data. Length of the weir = 75m, Concentration of sludge = 6 %, Flow = 0.1965 m3/s., Efficiency to be achieved = 60%, Effective Length = 40 m, depth of the liquid = 2 m, Influent= 286 mg/l. Width = 10 m Detention time= tank volume / flow, = {40*10*2/ 0.1965}/ 3600 = 1.13 h which is reasonably good. The overflow rate= flow /surface area. Vo = 0.000491 x 86400 = 42.4 m/d which is reasonably good. The weir loading = flow/length of the weir = 0.00262 x 86400 = 226.368 m3/d. m which is reasonably good. Design of the secondary settling tank. Taking the average overflow rate obtained above of 42.4 m/d, the diameter of the secondary tank is first computed as shown below, Area = (0.150 86400) /42.4 = 305.66 m2 = ?D2/4 Hence the diameter is approximate D= 20 m Selecting an SWD of 3.7 m settling basin table and thus checking the solids loading, we obtain SL = 2500 0.3 ? (20)2/4 = 750/314 *10-3*86400 = 206.36 kg/d .m2. Comparing this rate with the maxima in the figure above. We can deduce that; Assuming SVI= 175 f, the extreme permissible loading is 200 kg/d .m2. The weir loading, WL = 0.15 86400 ? (20) = 206.36 m3/dm. Which is reasonably accepted since it does not exceed prescribed weir loading in GLUMRB Ways of handling sludge Sludge is basically a bio solid or residue that is responsible for the storage in sewage treatment plants and its proper handling ensures that it is properly consumed. The treatment comprises of the various process involving stabilization, dehydration, burning, absorption, and dewatering. Below are ways of handling the bio solids(Skarheim, 2008, p. 357). Agriculturally though inorganic manure production It can also be used as compost manure Landfilling Merits and drawbacks of biological phosphorus elimination process Advantages The ability of dewatering is not altered hence resulting to high-quality sludge Low content of saline is obtained The biological elimination means that no chemicals are produced during sludge production Besides, the inhabitation of nitrification process is reduced Drawbacks Some phosphorus content is released during treatment process There is Reliance on wastewater composition hence the process may not be stable at times The volume index of the sludge is influenced negatively Cost analysis: infrastructure cost maintenance cost (energy consumption) During the water treatment process, various form of energy is involved I.e. electrical, chemical and also manual. These forms can be classified as either renewable, nonrenewable or indirect form of energy. Below is the estimation of how the various forms are consumed This comes as a result of the load in the motor which is operated for a specific period of time in hours. Assuming that the motor is having an efficiency of 0.8, below will be the approximate kilowatt-hour usage for the total energy specifics. The total amount of energy consumed is found to be approximately 1.03kWh/m3 of wastewater treatment which is considerably lower than the values which are contained in the literature for large-scale wastewater treatment plants. Thus making this kind of design more adaptable Conclusion Recycled wastewater has a lot of benefits such as environmental benefits, improvement of the wetlands, lowering of the operation costs, reducing transportation costs, increasing irrigation benefits as well as providing future water supply. This project involved the design of a wastewater treatment plant address various risks as indicated above, the data used in the design have been assumed and the various stages have been designed including the secondary settling tank, grit chamber, primary sedimentation tank and the equalization basin, besides the theoretical aspects of the benefits and reason as to why the waste water treatment plant should be adopted have been well explained(Skarheim, 2008, p. 667). References Bonomo, L., 2011. Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse: Selected Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse. 4th ed. Virginia: Pergamon Press. Hamidi Abdul Aziz, A. M., 2014. Wastewater Engineering: Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems. 3rd ed. Chicago: IJSR Publications. Kurbiel, J., 2009. Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: Proceedings of the IAWPRC Conference Held in Cracow, Poland, 2nd ed. Virginia: Pergamon Press. Partners, G., 2012. Engineering SoundBite: Advanced Wastewater Treatment. 2nd ed. Carlisle: Guyer Press. Russell L. Culp, G. L. C., 2007. Advanced wastewater treatment. 1st ed. Westminster: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Russell L. Culp, G. M. W. G. L. C., 2011. Handbook of Advanced Wastewater Treatment. 2nd ed. Michigan: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Skarheim, H. P., 2008. Biological Monitoring of an Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant. 2nd ed. New York Hans Petter Skarheim press. Steven E. Esmond, T. A. . M. U. M. E. R. L., 2009. The removal of metals and viruses in advanced wastewater treatment sequences, Volume 1. 2nd ed. Leicester: Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Leininger Theory Essay Example

Leininger Theory Paper Running Head: Culture on Health Care Nursing Using Leininger’s Cultural Theory. Name Instructor Course Institution Date Abstract This write-up is an analysis of cultural effects on health care using Leininger’s cultural care theory. It will be focusing on an Indian family who reside in the US and using the US health care facilities. Introduction Leininger’s cultural care theory is used to explain the relationship between culture and health care delivery. People of different cultures respond differently to health care delivery. Leininger identified a lack of care and cultural knowledge as being the missing link to nursing’s understanding of the many variations needed in patient care to support healing, compliance and wellness. Related to nursing care called trans-cultural nursing in the 1950s. Most elderly Indians are illiterate, with only 10% having acquired less than a fourth or fifth-grade education. Most of the religions they identify with originated from India and include Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. The most popular of them is Hinduism followed by Islam. Traditional healthcare are still quite common among the elderly population and their culture in general, with most of the elderly people seeking treatment from the traditional medical practitioners, as opposed to modern health professionals in private practices or hospitals. The Indian elderly are likely to have been influenced by various family experiences during their childhood. These rangers from traditional exterminations, disenfranchisement, various broken political treaties and some of the 18th and 19th century forced marches as well as myriads of an individual based dramatic impacts. We will write a custom essay sample on Leininger Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Leininger Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Leininger Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The modern health care practices are the most modern practices. Traditional practices, however, continue to be practiced in India. The traditional practice is dated more than 3000 years ago and has been passed through many generations. The conflict between the impact of culture in the delivery of health care is there because, despite the availability of modern health care services, elderly Indians still seek traditional healthcare. They believe that modern methods for health care merely relieve symptoms of various ailments rather than curing. This impacts the delivery of health care to the Indians living in the US because they still believe that the modern delivery of healthcare is inferior and ineffective to the traditional health practices. Though Indians have lower prevalence of cancer, they have considerably higher prevalence of the gall baler disease and diabetes. In relation to illness and health, the health beliefs of the Indians are that most illnesses are as a result of curses, reward of one’s evil doing in the past and that health is a gift from God. They also believe that the ancestors could be appeased to cure mysterious ailments. This leads to a strong conflict between health care delivery systems and cultural practices. The other conflict is the doctors who come from the same areas. They sometimes advise a patient to go home terming the ailment as spiritual. The illness and health needs of the Igbo include; lack of drinking water, low income, malaria and overcrowding among others. Overcrowding allows easy transmission of infectious diseases. Most of the Indians die out of stroke because healthcare is neither affordable nor available for early diagnosis. People only go to the hospital when they are almost dying due to lack of health insurance (Johnson stock, 2010). Leininger, in her Culture Care theory, states that caring is not only the essence of nursing but also unique to nursing (Leininger, 1976). The roots of the theory are found in clinical practice of nursing: Leininger came to the discovery that patients from different cultures valued care more than the nurses did. An Indian family in the US for instance, has its beliefs shaped by Indian traditions, spiritual belief system, or a sense of community and healing. Conclusion The Leininger’s theory effectively explains the relationship between culture and the delivery of healthcare, e. g. among the Indians. References. Johnson, J. A Stockpf, C. H (2010). Comparative Health Systems: Global Perspectives. Sadbury Jonesand Barlett Publishers. Leininger, M. M. (1976) Transcultural Healthcare Issues and Conditions. F. A Davis Co. : University of California.

Chatelperronian Transition to Upper Paleolithic

Chatelperronian Transition to Upper Paleolithic The Chà ¢telperronian period refers to one of five stone tool industries identified within the Upper Paleolithic period of Europe (ca 45,000-20,000 years ago). Once thought the earliest of the five industries, the Chà ¢telperronian is today recognized as roughly coeval with or perhaps somewhat later than the Aurignacian period: both are associated with the Middle Paleolithic to Upper Paleolithic transition, ca. 45,000-33,000 years ago. During that transition, the last Neanderthals in Europe died out, the result of a not-necessarily-peaceful cultural transition of European ownership from the long-established Neanderthal residents to the new influx of early modern humans from Africa. When first described and defined in the early twentieth century, the Chà ¢telperronian was believed to be the work of early modern humans (then called Cro Magnon), who, it was thought had descended directly from Neanderthals. The split between Middle and Upper Paleolithic is a distinct one, with great advances in the range of stone tool types and also with raw materialsthe Upper Paleolithic period has tools and objects made of bone, teeth, ivory and antler, none of which was seen in the Middle Paleolithic. The change is technology is today associated with the entrance of early modern humans from Africa into Europe. The discovery of Neanderthals at Saint Cesaire (aka La Roche a Pierrot) and Grotte du Renne (aka Arcy-sur-Cure) in direct association with Chà ¢telperronian artifacts, led to the original debates: who made the Chà ¢telperronian tools? Chà ¢telperronian Toolkit Chà ¢telperronian stone industries are a blend of earlier tool types from the Middle Paleolithic Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic Aurignacian style tool types. These include denticulates, distinctive side scrapers (called racloir chà ¢telperronien) and endscrapers. One characteristic stone tool found on Chà ¢telperronian sites are backed blades, tools made on flint chips which have been shaped with abrupt retouch. Chà ¢telperronian blades were made from a large, thick flake or block that were prepared in advance, in distinct comparison to later Aurignacian stone tool kits which were based on more extensively worked prismatic cores. Although the lithic materials at Chà ¢telperronian sites often include stone tools similar to the earlier Mousterian occupations, in some sites, an extensive collection of tools were produced on ivory, shell, and bone: these types of tools are not found in Mousterian sites at all. Important bone collections have been found at three sites in France: Grotte du Renne at Arcy sur-Cure, Saint Cesaire and Quinà §ay. At Grotte du Renne, the bone tools included awls, bi-conical points, tubes made of bird bones and pendants, and sawed ungulate antlers and picks. Some personal ornaments have been found at these sites, some of which are stained with red ochre: all of these are evidence of what archaeologists call modern human behaviors or behavioral complexity.​ The stone tools led to the assumption of cultural continuity, with some scholars well into the 1990s arguing that humans in Europe had evolved from Neanderthals. Subsequent archaeological and DNA research has overwhelmingly indicated that early modern humans in fact evolved in Africa, and then migrated into Europe and mixed with the Neanderthal natives. The parallel discoveries of bone tools and other behavioral modernity at Chatelperronian and Aurignacian sites, not to mention radiocarbon dating evidence has led to a realignment of the early Upper Paleolithic sequence. How They Learned That The major mystery of the Chà ¢telperronianassuming that it does indeed represent Neanderthals, and there certainly seems to be ample proof of thatis how did they acquire new technologies just at the point when the new African immigrants arrived in Europe? When and how that happenedwhen the African emigrants turned up in Europe and when and how the Europeans learned to make bone tools and backed scrapersis a matter for some debate. Did the Neanderthals imitate or learn from or borrow from the Africans when they began using sophisticated stone and bone tools; or were they innovators, who happened to learn the technique about the same time? Archaeological evidence at sites such as Kostenki in Russia and Grotta del Cavallo in Italy has pushed back the arrival of early modern humans to about 45,000 years ago. They used a sophisticated tool kit, complete with bone and antler tools and personal decorative objects, called collectively Aurignacian. Evidence is also strong that Neanderthals first appeared in Europe about 800,000 years ago, and they relied on primarily stone tools; but about 40,000 years ago, they may have adopted or invented bone and antler tools and personal decorative items. Whether that was separate invention or borrowing remains to be determined. Sources Bar-Yosef O, and Bordes J-G. 2010. Who were the makers of the Chà ¢telperronian culture? Journal of Human Evolution 59(5):586-593.Coolidge FL, and Wynn T. 2004. A cognitive and neurophysical perspective on the Chatelperronian. Journal of Archaeological Research 60(4):55-73.Discamps E, Jaubert J, and Bachellerie F. 2011. Human choices and environmental constraints: deciphering the variability of large game procurement from Mousterian to Aurignacian times (MIS 5-3) in southwestern France. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(19-20):2755-2775.